Truth · Effective · Altruism
What we pursue, and why
Truth
To pursue truth is to pursue knowledge.
A truth nobody knows changes nothing. It starts to matter when someone holds it: when it has been found, tested and can be passed on. That is why, for us, pursuing truth and pursuing knowledge are one pursuit. Knowledge is truth in a form people can carry.
Knowledge is also the only kind of truth that can correct itself. A belief held without reasons cannot be repaired when it turns out wrong; a belief built from evidence shows where to look when it fails. So we take the slower route: the question, the measurement, the argument laid out so that someone else can check it.
We pursue it because every other aim rests on it. Good intentions acting on a false belief do harm with a clear conscience. Before we can help, we have to see accurately.
Effective
Effort is limited, and its results are not equal.
Time, money and attention are always limited, and the ways of spending them are not equal. Two well-meant efforts can differ many times over in what they achieve.
Effectiveness is how we respect that difference. Before acting we ask what result we expect and how we will know whether it came, and we measure wherever we can. This is not coldness. When a better way is known and the weaker one is chosen, someone goes without the help the better way would have brought.
Effectiveness also protects the effort itself. Work that can show what it achieved earns trust, draws more hands and keeps going.
Altruism
The good of others is a reason as strong as our own.
Altruism is taking the good of others as a reason to act, as strong as our own. We pursue it because honest reasoning leads there: another person’s suffering is as real as ours, and distance, in place or in time, does not make a life count for less.
It is also what gives truth and effectiveness their point. Knowledge without care is curiosity; efficiency without care will serve any end. Turned towards the good of others, the two become a way of living.
Altruism does not ask anyone to disappear. A life that gives a settled share of its time and income, well placed, does a great deal of good and remains a life worth living.
How we try
- We write down what we believe, and what evidence would change our minds.
- We compare options by the good they can do: how large the problem is, how far effort can move it, and how much attention it already receives.
- We prefer work whose results can be checked, by us and by anyone else.
- We build instruments as well as arguments: tools that let others find what is true and put it to use.
Related reading
Truth
- The Republic (c. 375 BC) — Plato · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Attacking Faulty Reasoning (1980) — T. Edward Damer · Catalogue · Open Library
- Discourse on the Method (1637) — René Descartes · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Novum Organum (1620) — Francis Bacon · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748) — David Hume · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) — John Locke · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- On Liberty (1859) — John Stuart Mill · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- A System of Logic (1843) — John Stuart Mill · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Apology (c. 399 BC) — Plato · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Essays (1580) — Michel de Montaigne · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Pragmatism (1907) — William James · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Science and Hypothesis (1902) — Henri Poincaré · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934) — Karl Popper · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) — Thomas S. Kuhn · About the book · Wikipedia
- Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011) — Daniel Kahneman · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Scout Mindset (2021) — Julia Galef · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Demon-Haunted World (1995) — Carl Sagan · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Book of Why (2018) — Judea Pearl, Dana Mackenzie · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Signal and the Noise (2012) — Nate Silver · About the book · Wikipedia
- Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (c. 1160) — Ibn Tufayl · About the book · Wikipedia
- Expert Political Judgment (2005) — Philip E. Tetlock · About the book · Wikipedia
Effective
- The Whistle (1779) — Benjamin Franklin · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Doing Good Better (2015) — William MacAskill · Catalogue · Open Library
- Moral Uncertainty (2020) — William MacAskill, Krister Bykvist, Toby Ord · Catalogue · Open Library
- The Life You Can Save (2009) — Peter Singer · Free edition
- The Precipice (2020) — Toby Ord · The book’s site
- Poor Economics (2011) — Abhijit V. Banerjee, Esther Duflo · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Sciences of the Artificial (1969) — Herbert A. Simon · About the book · Wikipedia
- Noise (2021) — Daniel Kahneman, Olivier Sibony, Cass R. Sunstein · About the book · Wikipedia
- Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944) — John von Neumann, Oskar Morgenstern · About the book · Wikipedia
- Factfulness (2018) — Hans Rosling, Ola Rosling, Anna Rosling Rönnlund · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Checklist Manifesto (2009) — Atul Gawande · About the book · Wikipedia
- Thinking in Systems (2008) — Donella H. Meadows · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Way to Wealth (1758) — Benjamin Franklin · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) — Frederick Winslow Taylor · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- High Output Management (1983) — Andrew S. Grove · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Art of Doing Science and Engineering (1997) — Richard W. Hamming · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Limits to Growth (1972) — Donella H. Meadows and others · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Mythical Man-Month (1975) — Frederick P. Brooks Jr. · About the book · Wikipedia
Altruism
- The Justification of the Good (1897) — Vladimir Solovyov · Catalogue · Open Library
- The Philosophy of the Common Task (1906–1913) — Nikolai Fyodorov · Catalogue · Open Library
- Sobranie sochineniy (Collected Works), 4 vols (1995–2000) — Nikolai Fyodorov · Catalogue · Open Library
- The Masnavi (1258–1273) — Jalal al-Din Rumi · Catalogue · Open Library
- What We Owe the Future (2022) — William MacAskill · The book’s site
- Nicomachean Ethics (c. 340 BC) — Aristotle · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Meditations (c. 180) — Marcus Aurelius · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- The Analects (c. 475 BC) — Confucius · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Tao Te Ching (c. 400 BC) — Laozi · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- The Dhammapada (c. 3rd century BC) — Traditional · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (1785) — Immanuel Kant · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Utilitarianism (1863) — John Stuart Mill · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- The Methods of Ethics (1874) — Henry Sidgwick · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) — Adam Smith · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894) — Leo Tolstoy · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- The Gulistan (1258) — Saadi · About the book · Wikipedia
- Mutual Aid (1902) — Peter Kropotkin · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- The Expanding Circle (1981) — Peter Singer · About the book · Wikipedia
- Famine, Affluence, and Morality (1972) — Peter Singer · About the book · Wikipedia
- Reasons and Persons (1984) — Derek Parfit · About the book · Wikipedia
- Humankind: A Hopeful History (2019) — Rutger Bregman · About the book · Wikipedia
- I and Thou (1923) — Martin Buber · About the book · Wikipedia
- Strangers Drowning (2015) — Larissa MacFarquhar · About the book · Wikipedia