Sciences / Flow · Laminar
Method before conclusion
A result is worth exactly as much as the procedure that produced it.
Our view
We judge any claim, our own first, by the procedure behind it: whether the analysis was fixed before the data arrived, whether the result could have failed, and whether someone else can run it again. Agreement between independent methods outweighs any single striking result.
We build instruments to that standard. They state what they measure together with how far it can be trusted, and they are designed to be checked by the people who rely on them.
Our work
Two of our applications are measuring instruments.
Our selection
- Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science — Open Science Collaboration, Science, 2015 · Replication · data and materials
- arXiv — Cornell University · Preprints · physics to statistics
- SciELO — Scientific Electronic Library Online · Journals · Latin America
- African Journals Online — AJOL · Journals · Africa
- J-STAGE — Japan Science and Technology Agency · Journals · Japan
- DergiPark — TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM · Journals · Türkiye
- MacTutor History of Mathematics — University of St Andrews · Mathematics · history
- On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences — OEIS Foundation · Mathematics · database
- Digital Library of Mathematical Functions — NIST · Mathematics · reference
- The International System of Units — Bureau International des Poids et Mesures · Standard · units
- CERN Open Data — CERN · Physics · data
- Astrophysics Data System — NASA and Harvard–Smithsonian · Astronomy · literature
- Protein Data Bank — RCSB · Biology · structures
- GenBank — NCBI · Biology · sequences
- Glottolog — Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology · Linguistics · languages of the world
- World Atlas of Language Structures — WALS Online · Linguistics · typology
- Needham Research Institute — Science and civilisation in China · History of science · East Asia
- Seshat — Global History Databank · History · data
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Stanford University · Philosophy of science
Reading
- On the Origin of Species (1859) — Charles Darwin · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Principia Mathematica (1910–1913) — Alfred North Whitehead, Bertrand Russell · Catalogue · Open Library
- The Architecture of Modern Mathematics (2006) — José Ferreirós, Jeremy Gray (eds.) · Catalogue · Open Library
- Quantum Electrodynamics (1961) — Richard P. Feynman · Catalogue · Open Library
- Shadows of the Mind (1994) — Roger Penrose · Catalogue · Open Library
- Man on His Nature (1940) — Charles Sherrington · Catalogue · Open Library
- Gray’s Anatomy (1858) — Henry Gray · Catalogue · Open Library
- Elements (c. 300 BC) — Euclid · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) — Isaac Newton · About the book · Wikipedia
- Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences (1638) — Galileo Galilei · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Chemical History of a Candle (1861) — Michael Faraday · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Relativity: The Special and General Theory (1916) — Albert Einstein · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- Elements of Chemistry (1789) — Antoine Lavoisier · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- The Descent of Man (1871) — Charles Darwin · Full text · Project Gutenberg
- The Feynman Lectures on Physics (1963) — Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, Matthew Sands · Full text · Caltech
- What Is Life? (1944) — Erwin Schrödinger · About the book · Wikipedia
- A Mathematical Theory of Communication (1948) — Claude E. Shannon · About the book · Wikipedia
- Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950) — Alan Turing · About the book · Wikipedia
- Gödel, Escher, Bach (1979) — Douglas R. Hofstadter · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Art of Computer Programming (1968–) — Donald E. Knuth · About the book · Wikipedia
- A Mathematician’s Apology (1940) — G. H. Hardy · About the book · Wikipedia
- How to Solve It (1945) — George Pólya · About the book · Wikipedia
- Silent Spring (1962) — Rachel Carson · About the book · Wikipedia
- De humani corporis fabrica (1543) — Andreas Vesalius · About the book · Wikipedia
- Book of Optics (1021) — Ibn al-Haytham · About the book · Wikipedia
- The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing (c. 820) — Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi · About the book · Wikipedia
- Experiments on Plant Hybridization (1866) — Gregor Mendel · About the book · Wikipedia
- Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (1985) — Harold Abelson, Gerald Jay Sussman · About the book · Wikipedia
- Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (2018) — Richard S. Sutton, Andrew G. Barto · Full text · the authors
- Deep Learning (2016) — Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, Aaron Courville · Full text · the authors
- Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms (2003) — David J. C. MacKay · Full text · the author
An effective path
For a society
- Register analyses before the data arrives.
- Fund replication as research in its own right.
- Publish data and code with every paper.
For an individual
- Write your prediction down before you look.
- Read the primary source, not the summary.
- Keep a log of your predictions and how they turned out.